Comprehensive Sports Guide: Rules, Conditioning & Equipment

Athletic mastery depends on understanding official gameplay rules, optimizing equipment technology, and implementing sport-specific conditioning drills.

Three male swimmers in a race

What Does Michael Phelps Do Before a Race?

Michael Phelps retired from competition in 2012 as the most successful Olympic athlete to date. Phelps won 22 Olympic medals, including 18 gold medals, according to USA Swimming.

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Wrestler landing

High School Wrestling Weight Class Rules

To avoid mismatches, and for obvious safety reasons, amateur wrestlers only face competitors of comparable sizes. As a result, wrestling organizations set strict weight-measurement rules to ensure heavier wrestlers don’t sneak through to face lighter opponents.

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What Is a PING Senior Flex?

PING began its life as a golf manufacturer by producing putters, in which shaft flex -- or stiffness -- is inconsequential. But the company eventually began making a variety of clubs and, like all golf club manufacturers, now offers clubs with different shaft flex options.

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Golfer taking his first shot

How to Configure the Weight of a TaylorMade Golf R7 Quad Driver

Adding weight to the head of a golf club isn’t a new idea. For many years, golfers attached strips of lead tape to clubs to try to correct swing flaws. Club manufacturers have taken the idea a step farther in recent years, designing clubheads with ports into which you can place weights.

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Softball player

Middle School Softball Rules

Although each state athletic association can set its own rules, middle school softball is basically played in accordance with high school rules established by the National Federation of State High School Associations, or NFHS.

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Collegiate Football on the Field

Tips on Football Walk-On Tryouts

Most, but not all, NCAA Division I and Division II football programs offer athletic scholarships to help reward players who choose those schools. Two types of non-scholarship players, called “walk-ons,” may also join the squad.

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Little league team in dugout

High School Softball Rules & Regulations

Fast-pitch softball is the fifth most popular girls high school sport, according to the National Federation of State High School Associations. A total of 362,488 girls played high school softball in the 2012-13 school year.

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Best shot

Can Women Play With Men's Golf Clubs?

To some, the distinguishing characteristic of women’s golf clubs is pink highlights on the clubheads. In reality, the standard women’s golf club is designed for the typical woman player -- someone who’s smaller and less powerful than a man. But not all women are standard.

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Soccer Team Sitting on a Bench

High School Soccer Substitution Rules

High school soccer teams typically use 11 players, but must have substitutes available when players are injured, receive warnings or need a rest. But this isn't hockey, where a coach can sub players on the fly. Coaches have to follow substitution rules set by the National Federation of State High School Associations.

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Group of golfers watching female golfer tee off

Top 5 Ranking Golf Clubs for Women

The typical woman golfer requires clubs designed for a typical woman’s body. The clubs should be shorter and lighter than a man’s clubs, at the very least.

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Youth baseball pitcher in wind up

Rules & Regulations of Cal Ripken Baseball Leagues

The Cal Ripken Baseball leagues are youth baseball organizations named for former Baltimore Orioles star Cal Ripken, a Hall of Fame player who set a major league record by playing in 2,632 consecutive games. The Ripken leagues adopt most standard baseball rules, but they make a few changes to serve the youth community.

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Golfer practicing and concentrating before and after shot

What Is a Uniflex Shaft?

Golf shafts feature several characteristics you should consider when purchasing a club or a set of clubs. In addition to obvious factors such as the shaft’s composition, weight and length, you should consider its flexibility, as well.

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close-up of a golf ball as its hit by a golf club

List of High-Compression Golf Balls

The days when a golf ball was a fairly simple device are long gone. Today’s golfers must consider many variables, such as the cover material, dimple pattern, the number of layers and, of course, compression. A golf ball’s compression measures how easily the ball changes shape -- is compressed -- upon impact.

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Man Swinging Golf Club

Do I Swing Left or Right With Golf Clubs?

If you’re planning to take up golf, be ready for a game that requires good body control and hand-eye coordination. Playing golf can also improve your fitness, particularly if you carry your clubs instead of riding a cart.

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two teenage caucasian male wrestlers from opposing teams face off at the beginning of a match

Tips for High School Wrestlers

Wrestling is one of the most popular high school sports among boys in the United States -- with more than 270,000 boys from public and private U.S. high schools participating in the 2012 to 2013 school year, along with about 8,700 girls -- according to the National Federation of State High School Associations.

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Rear view of a man playing golf

Hybrid Golf Clubs Distance Comparison to Irons

Hybrid clubs have rapidly become popular across the golfing spectrum in the 21st century. Originally designed to help amateur golfers improve their games, hybrids have found their way into many professional golf bags, including those of PGA Tour and LPGA Tour players.

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Soccer team with coach

Male Vs. Female Sports

Before the modern, more egalitarian age of sports began during the latter half of the 20th century, men were much more likely than women to compete in athletics. In the 21st century, women can do almost anything men do across the board, although women have better opportunities in some sports than others.

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Senior man playing baseball

Left Handed Batter Vs. a Right Handed Pitcher

Roughly 15 to 20 percent of the adult male population is left-handed, but more than 40 percent of plate appearances in major league baseball are taken by left-handed batters. A key reason for this discrepancy is the advantage lefties typically have when facing right-handed pitchers.

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Golf club and ball on green grass

How to Determine Which Loft You Should Get on Your Driver

The loft on your driver is a key factor that helps determine the success of your tee shots on longer holes. All else being equal, the more lofted your driver, the higher and straighter your shots will fly. At the same time, balls don’t tend to roll as far when they’re hit with a high trajectory.

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