Sports & Fitness: Performance Training, Rules & Recovery

Elite athletic performance and general fitness are sustained through structured hypertrophy strategies, sport-specific conditioning, and rigorous adherence to injury prevention protocols.

Hiker in the mountains

Hiking Muscles vs. Running Muscles

Hiking and running are both excellent forms of exercise. Each provides cardiovascular and pulmonary benefits, and works major muscle groups so that you improve your stamina, endurance, strength and muscle tone. You use many of the same muscles for each activity, but at different intensities.

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Major Muscles Used in Leg Extension

When performed correctly, seated leg extensions can really make the definition on the front of your thighs pop. Correct setup, controlled movement, and the right amount of weight are key to getting the greatest benefit while placing the least amount of stress on your knees.

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Hockey players with coach in locker room, smiling

The Theories of Motivation in Sports

Athletes participate in sports for various reasons, from a hunger for physical activity and competition to the joy of belonging to a team. Coaches can improve the team's performance by finding the right motivation for each situation and player.

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Risks to Knees When Running on a Treadmill

Treadmills let you get in a great cardiovascular workout in all seasons and weather. You may worry about the risks to your knees, though -- especially if you've already suffered a knee injury. While treadmill running does present risks for your knees, they are manageable with proper training and form.

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Two runners at starting blocks, Seoul Olympics, Close-up of legs

The Most Important Sprinting Muscles

Sprinting uses the same muscles as running, but requires that they are considerably more limber for short bursts of speed while avoiding injury. Running is powered by the legs, hips and glutes, so training the same muscles with a focus on speed will prepare you for sprinting.

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tying laces

Five Stages of Change for Physical Fitness

Five stages are identified for any type of behavioral change. The model was primarily developed in the 1970s to chart the changes in smokers trying to quit. It has since been adapted for physical activity, so that people incorporating healthy exercise can track their progress toward becoming regular exercisers.

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Rowing Machines & Knee Problems

Rowing machines provide excellent workouts. They burn fat, strengthen the legs, torso and shoulders and increase your overall stamina. Since the motion of rowing is primarily at the knees, some people worry about developing or exacerbating knee problems.

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Seniors jogging on a forest road

How Much Jogging Should I Do Daily?

Discover the perfect daily jogging plan that suits your physical health and training goals, with expert recommendations on amounts, routines, and safety precautions to achieve overall wellness and weight loss.

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Walking or running legs sport shoes

How Much Walking Is Equivalent to Running?

Walking and running differ in terms of calories spent and impact on your body. Finding equivalencies between the two depends on the walker or runner. While both are great workouts, your goals and abilities determine which is the more suitable exercise for you.

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