Young woman smoking cigarette, close-up

The Effects of Smoking on the Throat

Smoking can lead to illness in many parts of your body, but your throat is particularly vulnerable. Each time tobacco smoke is inhaled, the throat is exposed to more than 7,000 chemicals, notes a 2010 report from the U.S. Surgeon General.

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Sensor of oxygen in blood

Normal Range of Blood Oxygen Level

Blood oxygen level is an important medical tool used to determine how effectively you are taking oxygen into your body. If you're in good health, normal blood oxygen levels almost always fall within a very predictable range.

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Anatomical model in classroom, chalkboard in background

Definitions of Anatomy & Physiology

At colleges and universities, anatomy and physiology are often combined into one course. This is because they are branches of the study of biology that are closely related.

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Doctor checking boys pulse

Normal Pulse Rate for a 12-Year-Old

Throughout development from infancy to adulthood, normal vital signs change. Due to anatomical differences, what is normal for one age group could be abnormal for another. Normal pulse rate changes substantially from infancy to middle childhood. By age 12, the normal pulse rate approximates that of an adult.

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